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Arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is a pathological condition characterized by a long increase in pressure indicators in the arteries of a large circle of blood.The sign of the disease is an increase in diastolic (lower) blood pressure, but in most diagnosed cases, patients have permanent rise in systolic (upper) pressure.

Which pressure is considered increased

Classification of blood pressure accepted in 1999. years are still valid until today.The following is considered normal:

  • Optimal - less than 120/80 mm Hg.Art.;
  • Physiological norm - less than 130/85 mm Hg.Art.;
  • Normally increased - in the range 130-139 / 85-89 mm Hg.Art.

The increase in pressure indicates the formation of hypertension.Internal gradation of pathology appears as follows:

  1. Soft (and degree) - 140-159 / 90-99 mm Hg.Art.
  2. Moderate (II Second degree) - 160-179 / 100-109 mm Hg.Art.
  3. Heavy (III degree) - over 180/110.

Border rifles are diagnosed in the case of indicators in 140-149 / 90 mm Hg.Art.And below.Follow yourself to the episodes of the growth of pressure and its spontaneous stabilization.

Insulated systol hypertension is diagnosed with indicators 140 and above / 90 and below mm Hg.Art.This type of pathology is characterized by an increase in the systolic indicator at the physiological level of diastolic.

AG Classification (primary, secondary)

The classification of hypertension is based on several characters.When systematized, doctors have taken into account:

  • reasons causing the development of pathology;
  • defeated from the target authorities;
  • Current blood pressure level, etc.

Depending on etiological factors, it is common to differentiate:

  1. Primarily (essential).
  2. Secondary (symptomatic) hypertension.

The natural passage, the benign varies well (slowly developing) and malignant (with rapid deterioration) arterial hypertension.

Sorts of secondary (symptomatic) hypertension

Secondary (symptomatic) arterial hypertension is a type of disease that develops due to damage to the bodies responsible for regulating blood pressure.It is characterized by a stubborn course, the absence of positive reaction to the conducted hypotensive therapy, as well as changes in targeted bodies, especially the formation of cardiac failure, etc.

If primary hypertension (an essential format) arises as an independent disease, then the secondary forms are always symptom of the main pathology.Arterial hypertension syndrome monitors a rather significant number of diseases.It was diagnosed in 10% of all established cases of persistent increase in blood pressure.

The classification of symptomatic hypertension is based on the factors that provoke a disease.

Distinguish:

  1. Neurogenic hypertension.Due to the lesion of the central nervous system and related pathologies, for example, the brain neoplasia.
  2. Nephrogens (renal origin).They are divided into interstitial, renoparenhimal, renoviscular, mixed and rhinopian forms.
  3. Endocrine AG.There are adrenal, thyroid, pituitary and menopause.
  4. Hemodynamic - caused heart patholes and large arterial channels.
  5. Dosage form.His development is due to the use of oral contraceptives, glucocorticosteroids, etc.

The size and resistance of blood pressure increases, the severity of changes in the state of the left ventricle and the base of the substrate of another classification.Doctors distinguish the following varieties of symptomatic hypertension:

  1. Transient.For pathology, usually a brief increase in pressure indicators.Changes in a state of funus are completely absent.Left ventricle hypertrophy is almost not fixed.
  2. Laby.It is characterized by moderate, brief increase in blood pressure (independent decrease does not come).There is a weak hypertrophy of the left ventricula, narrowing of the retina of the eye.
  3. Stable.He follows her in constant high blood pressure.Myocardial thickening, severe offenses in Fudun containers was diagnosed.
  4. Malignant (uncontrollable).Is accompanied by a sharp increase in blood pressure.The outcome is unfavorable.

The following forms of symptomatic hypertension were found:

  • Pulmonary hypertension (hypertension of a small circulation of blood circulation).It was established as a diagnosis when determining blood pressure in the pulmonary artery over 25 mm.Rt.Art.
  • Vasorsenal Ah is a secondary form of pathology due to insufficient blood circulation in kidneys as a result of weakened arterial permeability.
  • Portal hypertension is one of the varieties of symptomatic form of disease, accompanied by increasing pressure within the veil veil.
  • Hypertension of the channel virsung.It develops against the background of chronic inflammation of the pancreas.

Consequences and complications

With long-lasting hypertension, vessels of target authorities are damaged: heart, brain, kidneys and eyes.Violation of the circulation process can lead to consequences such as:

  • Final attacks Angine,
  • Myocardial infarction,
  • Neurological complications, etc.

Important!The formation of acute states against the background of a sharp rise in blood pressure requires his reduction in the first minutes / hours.

Reasons

The reasons for the development of the essential form of pathology are not known to doctors safe.Several theories are nominated:

  1. Neurogenic (inheritance).The cause of development is chronic stress, significant emotional shocks and psychological injuries.All this causes a failure in the process of neural regulation, accompanied by increasing the activity of the sympathetic system.The result is the signal divergence to all bodies and increasing the tons of the walls of the vessel.
  2. Voluminous salt.Due to the impaired process of producing excess fluids and certain elements in traces.As a result of excessive content of sodium salts, an increase in the total amount of blood appears.Attempts for the body for maintaining the process of hemostasis at the physiological level lead to spasm of small vessels.Indicators of the minute of the heart scope are stabilized, but total blood pressure was erected.

Important!Doctors claim that the reason for the development of AH is an increase in the activity of the sympathetic system.

Modified (variable) risk factors that can cause arterial hypertension are:

  • Age - diagnosis of diseases occurs in people of an older age category;
  • Bad habits - smoking, alcohol intake;
  • the state of chronic stress;
  • insufficient physical activity;
  • excess weight;
  • The presence of simultaneous pathology - diabetes are particularly unfavorable;
  • Excess salt with potassium shortage.

The reasons for increasing blood pressure may be different.The active work of the adrenal gland, as well as a tendency at the genetic level, can act as a provocative factor.

Symptoms

In the initial phase of forming arterial hypertension is asymptomatic.The patient will learn about the attendance of the problem only after the development of serious complications.

The only sign of pathology can be called an increase in pressure indicators.There is no complaint at all or are not specific:

  • Headaches localized in the area of the forehead and the back of the head;
  • dizziness;
  • Noise.

The first complaints are formed in relation to the defeat of targeted organs.This phase was observed the appearance of the following symptoms:

  • Dizziness, accompanied by headaches, noise - arise as a logical result of circulatory disorders;
  • Initial problems with storing information;
  • Hands / legs stiffness;
  • Weakness;
  • doubling a visible image;
  • Flashing black dots in the field of view;
  • Voice violation (rarely);
  • Nephropathy.

Symptoms are typical for final phases.At the beginning of the formation of pathology they come.

With heart damage, the left ventricular (LV) begins with hypertrophic.The cause of change is the compensatory reaction of the body, which allows the stabilization of increased loads on their wall.The ventricular increase is due to increasing the number of cardiomitiva.As the condition worsens, the heart chambers are expanded.

Such body damage can be manifested in the form:

  • the formation of heart failure,
  • Sudden heart arrest,
  • Ischemic disease,
  • Gastric rhythm disorders,
  • Heart asthma,
  • Strong shortness of breath during load.

Important!Cardi pain against AG background develops in the absolute vacation period or as a result of emotional surge.The characteristic characteristic is the inability to stop the glycerol tablet attack.

If the kidneys are damaged, the presence of protein in urine may be noticed.The occurrence of blood impurities is not excluded.The probability of kidney failure is minimal.

Urine analysis for arterial hypertension

The main clinical sign of arterial hypertension is a headache.Appears at any time of the day but most often in the morning.The patient feels him as a crack or pain.The location of the localization is the back of the head, but the spread to other head surfaces is not excluded.The probity has been improved with a slope and during coughing.It can occur in response to stressful situations, physical stress.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of the disease is designed to solve the following problems:

  • Establishment of pathology, determining the current degree;
  • identification of the origin of hypertension (primary / secondary form);
  • performing a differential diagnosis;
  • Determination of presence / lack of damage to target organs.

During the personal conversation with the patient, the doctor learns the required points:

  1. Have cases of diseases in the immediate vicinity.
  2. How often the pressure is fixed.
  3. Is there a history of chronic diseases in the patient, etc.

The body mass index (BMI) is extended.Obesity is one of the potential provocers of the formation of hypertension.

After the end of the inspection, blood pressure is measured.To determine the degree of arterial hypertension, the patient is prescribed by the performance of blood pressure profiles, I.E.Development of measurement on patients alone at home.It is necessary to make 4 measurements: two in the morning and two in the evening, a few days in a row.

The results must be included in the table.If the indicators exceed 140/90 mm Hg.Art.We can discuss the presence of arterial hypertension.

Sometimes a brush is prescribed (daily monitoring of blood pressure).The technique is displayed if the patient measurements remain normal, but another symptoms of the disease occur.

Important!Smad is a full day of multiple measurements of blood pressure indicators.Measurements perform a separate device.

To determine the true cause of the development of arterial hypertension and determine the force of damage to the target bodies, they are prescribed:

  • The examination of the renal system.Includes urine studio - general test.Re-imprinted, ultrasound renal system, renographic with the introduction of radioactive isotope is prescribed.
  • Heart examination.The ECG is used (an electrocardiogram shows R) growth, echocardiography (allows you to see the signs of the pathological rise to the left ventricular and other transformation).
  • Ophthalmic eye exam.The sign of the disease is a visual impregnation of blood vessels, sealing.Knorhage are not excluded.
  • Ultrasound of thyroid glands and adrenal glands.
  • Blood overview is a general test and extended biochemistry.

When diagnosing the secondary form of hypertension, it is necessary to perform differential diagnostics (DIF).Passes into two phases:

  • Analysis of clinical picture, collection of complaints, physical examination of the patient in particular, auscultation, instrumental / laboratory studies;
  • Diagnostic measures that allow you to assess the functional state of organ and existing changes, it is especially necessary to remove the cardiogram.

The methods were considered to confirm the diagnosis, determine the origin of the disease and select the therapy of the adequate state.

Treatment

Hypertension treatment begins with the audit of lifestyle and inadmate therapy.The exception is secondary hypertension.

Drug therapy The arterial hypertension provides for the entry of the following groups of drugs:

  1. Diuretics.Medications have a positive effect on the state of the cardiovascular system.Reception is not accompanied by the development of side effects.Disease therapy begins with diuretics (contraindication - diabetes and gout).Against the background of treatment, the volume of urine removed and, accordingly, excess water and sodium, increases.Diuretics are prescribed in combination with other hypertension.
  2. Alpha-blockers.Medications are characterized by good tolerance.Do not affect blood sugar level.Enable reduction in blood pressure with a mild increase in pulse (frequency of heart muscle contraction).The occurrence of orthostatic hypotension at the beginning of drug treatment of this group becomes side effects.To turn off their development, it is advisable to take medicine before bed.
  3. Beta blockers.Reduce heart rate speed, which is accompanied by reducing blood pressure.
  4. Ace inhibitor.Modern medications are characterized by high therapeutic effects and good tolerance.Anti-background taking funds in the patient's body, the form of angiotensin II - a hormone that causes the narrowing of the lumon blood vessels.Thanks to that, the peripheral vessels expand themselves, the heart acts in a quieter rhythm.There is a reduction in blood pressure indicators.
  5. Angiotensin-II antagonists.Medications also block Angiotenzin II.They are appointed if it is impossible to receive ACE inhibitors.
  6. Calcium antagonists.Medications expand the blanks of blood vessels, which prevents the development of stroke.Medications have an excellent therapeutic effect and are well tolerated.Have a small list of contraindications.Most often prescribed as part of a complex therapy.

To stop treatment even after the blood pressure stabilization is strictly prohibited.In this case, the disease will begin to progress again, which will negatively affect the state of targeted organs.In addition, the risk of the development of heart attack and stroke significantly increases.

Treatment of the disease is carried out on an outpatient basis: the patient takes the selected medications independently.Hospital hospitalization is recommended only in severe cases.

The treatment of pathology in addition to taking medication predicts a massage.Procedures do not contribute not only to reduce pressure, but also on the total body strengthening, improve the activity of the cardiovascular system, etc.Read more about different types of massages in our article: High pressure massage - classic and other effective methods.

Diet

Compliance with the principles of food diet is one of the important phases for stabilizing blood pressure indicators.With hypertension, the Nutrition is recommended no.10.

In the initial phase of the formation of pathology (ah 1 degrees), it is necessary to adhere to the diet no.5. Allows you to limit the use of the salt table.With the worsening of the state and developing violations in the work of the heart and vascular system, transition to eating no.A. It is recommended

If the disease is complicated with atherosclerosis, diet no.10 C. Diet Hypoholozerol is prescribed to reduce the spending fat of animal origin, easily digestible carbohydrates.The diet should contain food with a high content of fiber nutrition, plant fats and proteins.

The list of allowed products is presented to the following positions:

  • Bread - wheat, rye, whole grain, with a dam.Non-baking, baking.
  • Vegetables Soup spicy cereals.
  • Dietary varieties of meat: poultry, rabbit.It is allowed to cook and stove.
  • Sea / river fish.Seafood.
  • Seasonal vegetables.You can prepare a stew from them.
  • Sour -ilk products and a cottage with a little fat.Low -Fat sour cream (set in eating).
  • Soft eggs (not more than 3 pieces per week).
  • Dairy and tomato sauces.
  • Croats, pasta.
  • Oil (to add ready-made meals).
  • Fruits / berries (in any form).It can be used to prepare the compot, want, Jelly.
  • Juices, milk tea, rose decking.

Must be completely excluded from the diet:

  • Freshly baked bread, sdoba, complicated pastries.
  • Favarous soup.
  • Oily meat.
  • Smoked meat, sausages.
  • Fish (salty / smoked), caviar.
  • Oily sauces, cheeses, cream.
  • Spring, radishes, spinach, hren, mushrooms.
  • Ice cream, chocolate, confectionery, strong tea, coffee.

Salt consumption must be significantly reduced.

Salt with arterial hypertension

Prevention

Disease prevention is non-specific.Standard recommendations:

  1. Follow the principles of food diet, excluding or significant reduction in the amount of certain products.Reduce animal salt consumption.In the process of cooking, it is recommended that it not vacuum food at all.It is necessary to leave the fat / sharp / fried dishes.
  2. Daily physical activity in accordance with the age group.Execution of gymnastics improves human well-being.It is recommended to include in running, walking, swimming, gym visiting, perform breathing exercises.At the beginning of the teaching, the body should receive a minimum load.Must gradually increase.
  3. Normalization Weight is one of the preconditions for successful prevention.
  4. It is necessary to learn how to control stressful situations, because it is a violation of the works of the central nervous system that doctors call the doctors almost the main reason for disease development.Automatic startup, meditation, Samoihypnosis helps well in this.
  5. Complete rejection of bad habits.Smoking and alcohol are also capable of provoking pathology.

Pathophysiology considers arterial hypertension as one of the most serious pathologies, not only exacerbating the quality of the patient's life, but capable of causing death.Therefore, the episodes of increased blood pressure appear, it is necessary to get a specialist consultation and if necessary, start treatment.